#7211 fix(connectors): honor provider retry deadlines

Summary

• preserve upstream retry deadlines after an in-process retry budget exits so scheduled connector syncs do not retry before provider resets
• share bounded retry-error construction and surface rate-limit failures without exposing provider response bodies
• distinguish empty Atlassian site grants from malformed discovery responses with actionable reconnect guidance

Type of Change

• Bug fix

Testing

• 313 targeted connector, retry, and discovery tests
• bun run type-check in apps/sim
• bun run lint
• bun run check:audits (38/38)

Checklist

• Code follows project style guidelines
• Self-reviewed my changes
• Tests added/updated and passing
• No new warnings introduced
• I confirm that I have read and agree to the terms outlined in the Contributor License Agreement (CLA)